Romania

Source: www.ec.europa.eu/eurostat

Overview of the Romanian Language

Romanian (Română) is a Romance language, part of the same language family as Italian, French, Spanish, and Portuguese. It is the official language of Romania and Moldova and has around 24–26 million native speakers. What makes Romanian unique is its preservation of Latin structures while being heavily influenced by surrounding Slavic, Hungarian, Turkish, and Greek languages due to its geographical location and historical development.

Romanian Alphabet

Romanian uses the Latin alphabet, with 31 letters. It shares many similarities with English and other Romance languages, but also includes special characters that are unique to Romanian.

Romanian alphabet is almost pure-phonetic! Exceptions are these groups of letters: ce/ci, ge/gi, che/chi, ghe/ghi.

Here is the Romanian alphabet:

• A, a – Same as in English
• Ă, ă – Pronounced like the ‘a’ in sofa (schwa sound /ə/)
• Â, â and Î, î – Both pronounced as a closed /ɨ/ sound, like a mix between “i” and “u,” with no exact English equivalent. This sound is central to Romanian.
• B, b – Same as in English.
• C, c – When followed by ‘e’ or ‘i,’ it sounds like the ‘ch’ in cheese. Otherwise, it’s like the ‘k’ in cat.
• D, d – Same as in English.
• E, e – Like the ‘e’ in bet.
• F, f – Same as in English.
• G, g – Like ‘g’ in go, but when followed by ‘e’ or ‘i,’ it’s soft, like ‘g’ in gentle.
• H, h – Pronounced like ‘h’ in house, but it’s silent in some words of Latin origin (e.g., hora).
• I, i – Like ‘ee’ in see. At the end of a word, it’s pronounced softly, almost like the ‘y’ in happy.
• J, j – Like the ‘s’ in measure.
• K, k – Only a few words use this letter (Kg, Km)
• L, l – Same as in English.
• M, m – Same as in English.
• N, n – Same as in English.
• O, o – Like the ‘o’ in more.
• P, p – Same as in English.
• Q, q – Very rare, mostly used in borrowed words.
• R, r – Rolled/trilled ‘r,’ similar to Italian or Spanish.
• S, s – Same as in English.
• Ș, ș – Like the ‘sh’ in ship, shell
• T, t – Same as in English.
• Ț, ț – Like the ‘ts’ in cats.
• U, u – Like the ‘oo’ in food.
• V, v – Same as in English.
• W, w – Rare, found in loanwords.
• X, x – Pronounced as in English, either /ks/ or /gz/.
• Y, y – Only a few words use this letter, appears in foreign words and technical terms.
• Z, z – Like the ‘z’ in zebra.

Pronunciation Compared to English and Other Romance Languages

Romanian phonetics have distinct characteristics that set it apart from other Romance languages. While English has a complex system of vowel and consonant pronunciation, Romanian has a more phonetic orthography, meaning words are typically pronounced as they are spelled. Here’s how it compares:

1. Vowels:

   • Romanian vowels are generally more stable than in English. For instance, the letter ‘A’ is consistently an open vowel (like in Spanish), whereas English has variations like in cat or father.
   • Romanian also has the schwa (ă), as well as two distinct centralized vowels (î/â), which have no equivalent in most Romance languages or English.

2. Consonants:

   • C and G follow similar rules as in Italian, with ‘soft’ sounds before ‘e’ and ‘i’, and hard sounds otherwise.
   • The trilled R is typical of Romance languages, unlike the more relaxed English “r.”
   • Unique to Romanian are the sounds Ș (sh) and Ț (ts), which are more common in Slavic languages.

3. Stress:

   • Romanian, like Italian and Spanish, tends to place stress on the penultimate (second-to-last) syllable of words, but there are exceptions. This can differ significantly from English stress patterns, which are more irregular.

Comparisons with Related Romance Languages

Although Romanian shares vocabulary and grammar with other Romance languages, it’s notably more conservative in some areas:

1. Latin Roots: Romanian retains many elements from Vulgar Latin that have disappeared from other Romance languages. For instance, the declension of nouns into cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative) is more prevalent in Romanian than in languages like Spanish or Italian.

2. Slavic Influence: Due to its geographical location, Romanian has borrowed extensively from neighboring Slavic languages, especially in terms of vocabulary and pronunciation. For example, the ‘ă’ sound, although similar to the schwa in English, is more commonly associated with Slavic tongues.

3. Grammatical Gender: Romanian has three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Neuter nouns behave like masculine nouns in the singular and feminine in the plural, which is unique among Romance languages. By contrast, English has lost grammatical gender almost entirely, and other Romance languages, like Spanish or French, have only masculine and feminine forms.

4. Definite Articles: One of the most distinguishing features of Romanian compared to other Romance languages is the placement of the definite article at the end of the noun (a feature shared with Bulgarian and Albanian). For instance:

   • Romanian: băiat (boy) → băiatul (the boy)
   • English and other Romance languages place the article before the noun (e.g., el niño in Spanish or le garçon in French).

Basic Vocabulary and Phrases

Many Romanian words share Latin origins with other Romance languages, which makes some vocabulary recognizable to English speakers as well. However, Romanian also features many words of Slavic, Greek, Turkish, and Hungarian origin.

Loanwords and Unique Vocabulary

Romanian’s vocabulary is distinctively a mix of its Latin heritage and Slavic influence. Words like multumesc (thank you) reflect this dual heritage, being derived from Slavic rather than Latin (compare to grazie in Italian or gracias in Spanish). There are also borrowings from Turkish (like ciorbă – a type of soup) and Hungarian.

Comparison Table of Common Phrases

Romanian, while distinctly Latin in origin, carries influences from its neighbors and maintains its own unique phonology, making it both familiar and foreign to speakers of other Romance languages. Its consistency in spelling and pronunciation is advantageous for language learners, though some sounds, particularly î/â, might take time to master for English speakers.

Useful words

Traveling to Romania

Safety

Romania is safe country for travelers, with a very low levels of violent crime and a welcoming atmosphere for tourists. Major cities like Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, and Brasov are well-developed, with reliable public transportation, modern infrastructure, and a strong police presence in tourist areas. While petty crimes such as pickpocketing can occur in crowded places or public transport, taking standard precautions, such as keeping an eye on your belongings and avoiding unlit or isolated areas at night, will minimize risks. Rural areas and smaller towns are considered very safe, and locals are known for being hospitable and helpful to visitors. Compared to Germany, (especially with when compared with big cities) Romania might be more safer. In the last years, because of the massive surge of extreme-nationalism in Germany, Romania might have an even better edge for tourists. Additionally, opposite to Germany, when visiting a small villages you feel very welcome, while in Germany tourists are not welcome at all in small villages (which are rather closed-communities).

For Americans: Guns don’t really exists in Romania. Extremely few people own a gun, and this only for hunting purposes.

Accommodation

Hotel prices in Romania can vary widely depending on the location/season. But in general they are much smaller than average prices in EU:

• Budget options (like 2-3 star hotels or hostels) range from $35 to $50 per night. Hostels are generally around $14 to $50 for dorm-style accommodation.
• Mid-range hotels (3-star) typically cost around $50 to $90 per night.
• 4-star hotels average about $63 to $107 per night, offering a more comfortable stay.
• For luxury accommodations (5-star hotels), you’ll be looking at about $80 to $136 per night.

If you’re traveling during the low or shoulder seasons, prices can be lower, and booking in advance may also help secure better deals. Cities like Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, and Brasov tend to have higher prices, especially during peak tourist seasons​.

For Americans: The rooms are very clean (at EU standards). Bed sheets are changes each morning. Bed bugs do not exist in Romania.

Hitchhiking is very popular in Romania, but you are expected to pay some money, something like 25 euro-cents per km.